ABSTRACT
In this study,
the researcher sets out to examine the relationship between leadership and
motivation and also to find out the effect of leadership styles and motivation
techniques have on the performance of staff in a photographic firm using.
To accomplish
this objectives, the work was structured into well-defined chapters. In chapter
one, the researcher conducted the study, stated the problem and made
generalized assumptions and suggested proposition to guide the study. Chapter
two dealt with the review of relevant literature on the subject of leadership
and motivation. It was noted in this chapter that there is no one best style of
leadership but that different people and occasion dictate the use of different styles
of leadership. It was equally noted that motivation is not a fixed phenomenon
and that there is a close relationship between style of leadership and the
level of motivation of the subordinates.
The researcher
moved to a more practical stage which the methodology used in the research is
termed chapter three. In this chapter structured questionnaires and interviews
were designed to collect the necessary data for the study.
In chapter
four, the presentation and analysis of data obtained from the questionnaires
administered were treated using simple tabular method, percentage and the use
of simple pie chart. After a careful process of data collection and analysis,
some generalized findings about leadership style and motivation techniques were
made and the effect it will have on staff performance.
The research
recommends that more participation should be given to the staff especially on
matters directly affecting them.
INTRODUCTION
Leadership is
the most observed but least understood aspect of life of man on earth. The
wealth of literature or it, its scope and complexity, the overwhelming feeling
that there is still a lot unknown about it, as well as the fact that the worst
of leaders can come from the most benign circumstances evoke in one a sense of
humility and misery.
An
organization that is without a leader is like a team without a captain as the
business organization as well as the team can lose its direction. There are no people’s
organizations. In other words, no matter how technical or highly
professionalized an organization is, it cannot disperse with human resources
that make up an organization in terms of management. Therefore, the success or
failure of any organization depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of its
staff in their work responsibilities. In turn, this effectiveness and
efficiency depends significantly upon the employee’s skills, satisfaction,
cooperation and enthusiasm.
The staff of
an organization are expected to put in their best, they have to be provided
with good working environment and appropriate motivation to encourage them to
bring their full potential to bear. Leaders must know how to motivate and the
appropriate motivation techniques to apply at different times to different
people in the work environment.
Quite often,
the question is often asked “what leadership style is the best?” The answer
depends on the situation under consideration. Some managers depend heavily on
the authority that goes with the position they are occupying in their approach
to motivation. Others use both informal influence and formal authority
effectively in an organization, especially business organization, a good
manager must have the ability to motivate his subordinates effectively.
In spite of
the elusive nature of leadership, there is widely held belief that leadership
determines whether or not human being shall or shall not enjoy progress. Many
of the past and present woes of man are attributable to mediocre and
irresponsible leadership such leadership is to be found in industry, commerce,
government, education, military formations private organizations and indeed in
every form of organization on earth. As far as an organization is never void of
people. No matter the type of organization, human resources are cardinal and
cannot be dispensed with.
For an
organization to succeed, there must be a good leader who knows how to motivate,
communicate, understand interpersonal relations and individual or group
behavior in the work place. A leader must have the potential to motivate a
group to act toward achieving a common goal. There are many failures in the
study of leadership but one of the most serious failures is the bifurcation
between the literature of leadership and the literature of followership. The
process of leadership must be seen as part of the dynamics of conflict and
power. Leadership is nothing if not linked to collective purpose and the
effectiveness of leaders must be judged not by their clippings but by actual
social changed measured by intent and by the satisfaction of human needs and
expectations.
Kountz and
others (1990) defined leadership as “the art or process of influencing people
so that they will strive willingly toward the achievement of group goal. This
concept can be enlarged to include willingness to work with zeal and
confidence. On the whole, leaders monitor and control the work of the
organization to achieve the set goals.
Leaders must
be aware of human limitations and problems, sensitive to the hope and
aspirations of those whom they supervise and the capacity to analyse emotional
forces that motivate their conduct if this is not done, they will not be
successful if the work entrusted on them. The type of leadership in an
organization shapes the organizational effectiveness. When an activity is
guided by wrong principles, under wrong leadership, chaos, absurdity, decline
in productivity and other forms of disorganization set in.
Leadership
style is a great feulor in motivating workers. Leadership and motivation are
closely related. Motivation techniques are many and could be dependent on the
action and in action of the leader. The primary function of a leader is to
motivate the followers in order to perform and achieve objectives.
After World
War II, behavioral scientists began a rather intense study of the subject of
motivation. Psychologists generally agree that all behavior is motivated. That
is to say that people have reasons for what they do. Behavior is not random.
Motivation is an internal force that make people move towards satisfying a
need. Such needs are hunger, thirst, power and achievement can motivate human
behavior. Once a motive is active, the individual will act to satisfy that
desire or needs associated with the motive.
The Hawthrone
studies conducted in Chicago in the 1970s pointed out the importance of
understanding the human factor. These studies make a conclusion that the type
of leadership has a major impact on the behavior of work group.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
People have
tried to study the nature and concept of leadership but leadership being one of
the functions of administration is very difficult to understand, acquire and
evaluate. Despite effort to study the nature of leadership, there is still no
appropriate implementation of styles of leadership.
The type of
leadership style that motivate the staff in one organization because leadership
differs as people also differ. The obvious problem leaders experience is how
can effective motivation technique can be ascertioned. There are speculations
that performance are photographic industries is below optimum. This is not
because the industries they do not have enough and competent staff but because
these staff are usually not motivated to really improve on their productive
capacity. The type of leadership style exhibited by leaders of this type does
not the employees to work hard. The type of non-challant attitude demonstrated
by the leaders demoralizes them. Such leader give orders to their staff and
ensure their compliance without making room for staff contribution to the
decision making even to issues affecting them in some cases the leaders believe
that because of the encouragement given to them in the form of good salaries is
enough to make them work harder which is not usually the case.
The question is
“is there a particular” leadership style that is most appropriate to motivate
workers to put in their best?” what is the relationship between the various
leadership styles and motivation. Does it mean that if motivation techniques
are applied, do they guarantee optimum performance? In attempt to find
solutions to these pertinent questions, the researches interest was kindled to
investigate and examine the leadership styles and motivation techniques and its
effect on staff in the photographic industry.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Leadership
style is said to be very important and useful in motivating workers. For the
purpose of this study however the researcher intends to find answers to the
following questions
a.
What
is the leadership style being applied in
b.
What
are the motivation techniques that has been hitherto applied?
c.
To
what extent has the techniques motivated the staff?
d.
Is
motivation of staff dependent on the type of leadership style of the leader?
e.
Is
there one most effective leadership style in relation to motivation.
HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENT
Hypothesis is
a carefully considered theoretical statement which seeks to relate all the
known facts to one another. It is a kind of reasonable proposition worthy of
scientific testing.
This research
work as projected by the research questions presents us with the variables of
motivation and style of the leader as well as job efficiency in the face of
positive motivational activities. Hence the need to state relationship between
these variables for possible test and facts:
i.
There
is a direct relationship between motivation and style of the leader.
ii.
There
is no one most effective leadership style on relation to motivation
iii.
Leadership
styles and motivational techniques are vital in ensuring greater level of
efficiency in any given organization.
The foregoing
among others form the basic theory that this research work is out to prove.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This research
work aims at making things better through increased efficiency, effectiveness
and high productivity from both the leader and the staff of the
organization. Therefore, the importance
of investigating leadership style cannot be overemphasized. The study hopes to
achieve the following objectives:
i.
To
highlight on leaders on the existing leadership styles.
ii.
To
investigate the relationship between the various leadership styles and
motivation.
iii.
To
investigate the effect of the various motivation techniques on staff
of………studio 24
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
To manage an
organization properly are require efficient management of both materials and
human resources available. Therefore this research. This will go along way to
prevent failures. Therefore this research work will be of immense benefit to
the management and staff of …………………………. And other photographic industries.
The research
work will be of benefit to the organization in that it will enable those
occupying leadership position to get to know the various leadership styles and
various motivational technique(s) that can be adopted to bring about high
performance. It will be of benefit to the leaders of organization whether
private or public in that it will allow them to know that their leadership have
impacted on their staff and organizations either negatively or positively.
It will serve
as a means of exposing the researcher to practical aspect of the subject
matter. Students in particular and the entire institution as a whole as other
researchers will benefit from the research work in that it will provide a
nourishing material for subsequent studies with adequate and expected
improvement.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Productivity
in all organizations will be enhanced or hampered by the styles of leadership
and how this is used to motivate the employees. Therefore, the scope of the
research work will be limited to three leadership: autocratic, democratic and
free rein. On the part of the motivation techniques, the carsol and stick
approach, money as a motivation and participation on a motivation approaches
will be addressed. In the same vein, this research work will be limited to
studio24 Ltd on a good representative of photographic industries.
Discourse is
also based on the sources of data collected, sample size from the population,
the instrument used to gather information and how they were submitted as well
as the manner of the data analysis aimed at ensuring credibility of the work.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
ORGANISATIONAL CHART
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter
focuses attention on the ways of gathering necessary information that could
lead to possible solutions to the research problem. As such investigation was
limited to the staff of ______________________________ on a case study to this
end questionnaire and interviews as well as the researcher personal observation
as a member of staff of the organization was generally in use as instrument of
administration and data analysis.
Population of Study
The Study Sample
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The following
research instruments have been adopted for careful collection and organization
of data for this research work.
QUESTIONNAIRES
These are the
list of questions prepared to enable the researcher gain responses concerning
needed. A total number of highly questionnaire were substantially used for
collecting information and are both structured and unstructured.
INTERVIEW
This is used
to complement the questionnaires. It is designed to gather valid and reliable
salient information through the responses of the interviewee to a planned
sequence of questions.
QUESTIONNAIRES FOR SUBORDINATE STAFF
Please tick as
appropriate
1.
(a)
What is your age?
i.
15-30
years
ii.
30-45
years
iii.
45-60
years
iv.
60
years & above.
(b) How long have you been in service?
i.
Less
than 15 years
ii.
10-15
years
iii. 15-20 years
iv. 20 years &
above
(c) What is
your educational qualification?
i.
SSCE,
GCE, ‘O’ Level
ii.
Diploma/Nce
iii. First Degree
iv. Post Graduate
(d) What is
your salary per annum?
i.
N120,000 –
180,000
ii.
N180,000 –
270,000
iii. N270,000 – 300,000
iv. N300,000 & above per annum.
2.
How
will you describe the style of your leader?
i.
Autocratic
ii.
Democratic
iii. Free train
3.
Are
you involved in any decision making?
Yes ( )
No ( )
4.
Hove
this participation motivated you?
Yes ( )
No ( )
5.
Do
you normally receive bonus if your performance is above minimum requirement?
Yes ( )
No ( )
6.
In
your firm: what do staff consider as the strongest motivation?
i.
Pay
ii.
Participation
iii. Leadership
style
iv. Promotion
7.
Do the management motivate staff on a group or
as individuals based on their performance?
Yes ( )
No ( )
8.
9.
Do
the leaders exhibit the same style in all situation?
Yes ( )
No ( )
10.
How
effective do you think these styles are?
i.
Very
effective
ii.
Fairly
effective
iii. Effective
iv. Not effective
11.
What
other things do your leaders do that has motivated you (please
state)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12.
Which
of the following do you think if improved upon will lead to improved
performance: (rank in order of priority)
13.
In
your own opinion, do you think staff of the firm are being motivated enough?
Yes ( )
No ( )
14.
Would
your performance be improved or increased if you are given an incentive you do
not need?
Yes ( )
No ( )
15.
In
your own opinion, is there any (4) one most effective style of leadership?
Yes ( )
No ( )
16.
In
your own opinion, is there any one most effective motivation technique?
Yes ( )
No ( )
17.
Please
comment freely on any issue that affects, which you feel may be of interest or
assistance to the
researcher________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONNAIRES FOR MANAGEMENT STAFF
Tick as
appropriate
1.
(a)
How long have you being in service?
i.
Less
than 10 years
ii.
10-20
years
iii. 20-30 years
iv. 30 years and
above.
(b) What is
your age bracket?
i.
20-30
years
ii.
30-40
years
iii. 40-50 years
iv. 50 years and
above.
(c) What level
of management do you belong?
i.
Lower
level
ii.
Middle
level
iii.
Top
level
(d) What is
your qualification?
i.
SSCE/GCE
‘O’ Level
ii.
First
degree
iii. Postgraduate
iv. Others,
specify
2.
How
will you describe your leadership style?
i.
Autocratic
ii.
Democratic
iii. Face- Rein
3.
Is
this style consistent?
Yes ( )
No ( )
4.
In
your opinion, do you think your firm is making optimum use of your staff?
Yes ( )
No ( )
5.
If
not, what do you think is responsible?
i.
Inadequate
production materials?
ii.
No
incentives
iii.
Leadership
iv.
All
of the above
6.
What
technique of motivation do you adopt with your staff.
i.
Promotion
ii.
Money
(Pay)
iii. Participation
in decision-making
iv. Others;
specify
7.
How
will you face the effectiveness of these techniques?
i.
Vary
effective
ii.
Fairly
effective
iii. Effective
iv. Not effective
8.
Have
you encountered any problem in motivating your staff?
Yes ( )
No ( )
9.
If
yes, what
problem?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10.
Do
you think your style of leadership motivates your staff in any way?
Yes ( )
No ( )
11.
In
your own opinion, do you think your staff are being motivated enough to enhance
performance?
Yes ( )
No ( )
12.
In
your own opinion, is there anyone most effective style of leadership?
Yes ( )
No ( )
13.
In
your own opinion, is there any one most effective technique of motivation?
Yes ( )
No ( )
14.
Is
there any relationship between the style of leadership you adopted and the way
your staff are being motivated?
Yes ( )
No ( )
15.
Which
of the following do you think the leaders need to improve upon in order to
motivate the staff?
i.
Salaries
ii.
Involvement
in decision-making
iii. Ways of giving
rewards
iv. Leadership
v.
All
of the above
16.
Please
comment on my issue you think will be of interest to the researcher and as it
affects your organization.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1.
How
long have you been working in the firm?
2.
How
will you describe the style of your leader?
3.
How
consistent is this style?
4.
Do
you recognize leadership style as a factor that affects the staff?
5.
In
your own opinion, do you think staff of this organization have been motivated?
6.
What
are the techniques of motivation adopted in this company?
7.
Have
these techniques motivated you?
8.
Among
these techniques of motivation, which one do you think still needs to be
improved upon?
9.
Do
you think the staff performance has anything to do with the style of
leadership?
10.
What
style of leadership do you consider best in your own opinion?
11.
What
motivation techniques do you consider best in your own opinion?
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