CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
In
order to understand the housing problems in Ekpoma, it is pertinent to look at
some models and theories critically, which explains the background to the
housing, problems experienced in the study area.
GROWTH BY FISSION
Growth by fission as describe by
Mabogunje (1969) is a process whereby large traditional compound settles
breakdowns resulting in smaller plot of land upon which new modern structured.
Thus, the “growth by fission” process increases the density per housing unit
and consequently raises population density in the community.
The Growth by Fission theory or process
is said to have occurred here Ekpoma, which is the study area. This is evident
in settlement such as Ujemen, Ujoelen, and Ihumudumu where houses constructed
ages ago in the primitive form with materials such as bamboo, thatched roof, mud,
mat, plant etc. have been reconstructed into modern structures with materials
such as cement bricks, asbestos, corrugated sheet, glass etc. the implication
of this is that, a large number of the total populace are mostly university
student flux into such areas to seek for these modern houses with it accompany
infrastructures.
The crux of this theory is that it has
increased the population densities of these communities as compared to where
the houses where in the primitive state.
THE IDEX OF DISSIMILARITY THEORY
Duncan
(1955) postulated the index of residential segregation of major occupation.
This theory has two measures and it is mathematically expressed thus.
∑ (X1) – (Y1) x 100
1.1 (∑ X1) (∑Y1)
2
Where:
X1 Represents one occupation
Y1 Represents another occupation
This formula measures the percentage of
an occupational group x which have to move to make it distribution similar with
another group y. the computation of these variable between one occupational
group and all others combined to give the second and all others combined to
give the second measure on index of segregation.
This model are useful as regards this
study. With this model differences in income level could be distinguished and a
classification of high-income and low income residential areas can be
attempted. This model also explains social segregation that could be shown in
form of physical or locational differences.
In the study areas Ekpoma, this income
and social segregation could be found between students and staff of the
university as well as the indigenes and villagers of the town.
THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
The concentric zone model is one of
urban land use models adopted by scholars to describe the internal structure of
contemporary cities. This theory was postulated by a sociologist, called
Burgess (1925) in his effect to show the exact pattern of physical growth in Chicago. The model
suggests that the city as a complex entity often exhibits concentric pattern of
growth of six notable zones, each with a distinct structure of development.
The theory suggest that towns expand
outward under the influence of centripetal forces from the inner zone which is
the origin of growth and indeed the centre of commercial, social and civil
life, in this area, the location of the main market, departmental stores,
office complex, banks, theatre halls, the palace, museums and other elements of
historic importance.
Next to the zone are light-manufacturing
activities and a cluster of wholesale apartments that complement the commercial
functions of the inner core.
The third area is inhabited by workers
of industries who escape from the area of deterioration but desire to live
within easy access of their work. Beyond this one is the residential area of
high-class apartment building or exclusive “Restricted-Districts” of
single-family dwellings.
The commuter’s zone is the outskirt of
the residential area, often earmarked for the construction of by-pass and
outer-ring roads for inter-city and inter-state connections.
Applying the concentric ring model to
the land use of Ekpoma, Eguare and Emaudo could be regarded as the core or the
central business District (C.B.D) of the town. While places like the Ambrose
Alli University (AAU) Staff quarter, Ukpenu area, from the committee zone.
THE MASS MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL
LOCATION
Using the gravity model, the bases model
incorporates other models with the aim of getting close to reality in terms of
housing market behaviour.
The demand and supply for housing is
disaggregated into 6 (six) sub-markets.
1. Single-Family high value
2. Single-Family mid value
3. Single- Family low value
4. Multiple-Family high value
5. Multiple-Family mid value
6. Multiple-Family low value
Each of the sub-markets has a separate
run, based on demand by an exogenously projected population described as new
houses hood. Another set of demand came from those displaced by a demolition
model.
The supply and demand for housing is
matched through an employment accessibility model.
In using demolition model to explain
bass model of residential location, it asserts the rate that housing demolition
will be higher in the future where the density of population is higher,
multiple housing are numerous and land process stimulates hour some dwelling
units shifts of filter down to lower income group as their value depreciate
over time.
Implicitly, it indicates home
residential income increases the likelihood of demand for higher value housing
also increases.
The town planning authorities ministry
of land and surveys can furnish the existing stock, in complete stock and the
type in complete stock and the type of house from their records and registered
plans. This constitutes the supply that is split into various house types for
each sub areas and density region. Each of the classification can further be
split into the three value. Classes based on the type of house, density of the
area, the environment and site variables.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The
issue of housing and its related problems are generally worldwide and it has
attracted a great deal of attention in national planning and international
discussion of development. Yet there appears to be no consensus on the meaning
of the term housing as the term is frequently assumed to only a structure
intended to provide shelter. Shelter on its own part has been defined as
something that gives safety or protection in the form of a hut or building,
which is erected to keep of mind and rain. Contrary to this general assertion
on housing or shelter the U.N interregional seminal on the social aspect of
housing in 1975 states that “housing encompasses all the auxiliary services and
community facilities which are necessary to human well being”.
Barley
(1963) outlined two ways of looking at the development of the houses. The first
is “to see it has it has the expression of man’s technical aesthetical ability
to accomplish a materials ends”. The second is to see it as the solution to
social problems and analyze the setting in which it is carried on and the
connections which governed it.
Rotimi
(1975) saw the dynamic aspect of housing on overall development as a
determining factor in the society according to him, if a large segments or the
population of any country is inadequately housed, that country will face a
little decline in health and productivity.
Dike
(1975) expressed his opinion about housing problems as being very acute both in
quantity and quality. He advised experts in the building industries to devise ways
and means of augmenting the efforts made by government in making huge sums of
money available, by effectively utilizing funds to ensure that the generality
of our citizens can be comfortably housed. As a results, he drew the use of
indigenous, raw materials.
Balecla
(1975) investigated the housing requirement of the middle-income families in Saudi Arabia
in term of design for unavailability. He worked on the assumption that a major
cause of appropriateness of housing all over the world, derives from the
architects lack of family requirements and cultural norms of the people, and
that human satisfaction dwelling is highly correlated with merit ability
resulting from physical design features which affect the spatial behaviour that
support cultural norms. He discovered that physical design factors that support
cultural norms are extremely important one in terms of their influences on user
satisfaction with the built environment.
Mabogunje
(1978) defined housing as the total environment within which the individual human
beings have to live. This total environment includes both in dwelling units and
its environment especially the facilities and services provided on a community
basis.
According
to Lemar (1981), housing is a complex product providing a combination of services
that are crucial to development in both welfare and economic terms. He further
opined that the pre-occupation of housing in shelter offered by dwelling space.
While
the dwelling structure provides a variety of environmental facilities such as
water supply, solid waste disposal, energy use e.t.c. He therefore concluded by
saying that there is a spatial link between the house and the relevant economic
activities such as access to jobs, health and educational and recreational
facilities.
According
to the World Health organization (W.H.O) in general, to promote good health, a
good house should have at least the following
1. A good root to keep out of rain
2. Screens of wire
netting at the windows and doors to keep out insects, especially mosquitoes.
3. Sunshades all around
to protect the walls from direct sunlight in hot weather
4. Good walls and doors to protect against bad
weather and keep out animals.
The
World health Organization (W.H.O) also sees a standard housing as one, which ha
such facilities as:
1. National lighting
2. Drainage and impeccable condition
3. Adequate water supply
4. Proper ventilation
Sada
(1977), also used the following spatial structural criteria in defining a good
and decent house.
1. The quality of the building and
housing
2. The extent of
planning and control of the city development
3. The standard of public health services in
terms of environmental qualities.
Sada
further classified urban residential pattern into four zones.
1. The old residential zone
2. The modern residential area
3. The government residential area
4. The unplanned fringes of residential
areas.
In
Sada conclusion, the opined that the government residential areas (GRA) and the
modern private layouts and the developed area in the country. These areas are
characterized by well-structured layouts and low density of housing, high
percentage of such areas in Ekpoma, are A.A.U Staff Quarters (Senior and Junior
Quarters) the council staff quarters, and the newly opened peripherals of the
town.
While the unplanned and old areas as the
name implies are characterized by haphazardly layout structures, high
population density, high occupancy ratio slums e.t.c. Area that best fit into
such description in the study area include Eguare, Emaudo, Ihumudumu, and
Ujemen etc.
Ebong (1981) studies the major variables
in housing qualities and the varying degrees of satisfaction in different types
of Calabar residential housing satisfaction cover both environment surroundings
and physical characteristics both of which promote health, convenience and well
being of the occupants of the house.
According to Ojo (1985), the scarcity of
well located land, the high cost of servicing lands, the durability of housing
in urban market for relatively inelastic housing supply, while increase in
urban population, family formation and income level lead to large shift in
demand which often out-strips the supply response. The reason account for the
high occupancy ratio in Nigeria
urban areas.
Segynola (1987) in his definition emphasizes
on the facilities on like provision of pipe borne water, electricity, toilets, bathrooms,
refuse disposal e.t.c.
He referred to these facilities as the
“soul” of the house, housing without these facilities is analogous to a
ware-house meant for goods and it is not fit for human habitation.
According
to Oyiborhoro (1989). The issue of residential location and the problem of
making choice have not been given serious attention by policy makers in spite
of the enormous publications by scholars and professional. He ended by saying
that serious attention has also not been given the various locational factors
of residential areas.
Pritchard
(1976) opined that the way and frequency with which people situate their house
as obviously a process deeply rooted in the spatial organization of urban
areas. But specifically, spatial factors cannot explain its character alone.
Pritchard further opined that such conditions are proximity or directions are
significant parameters in the equation of residential location.
However,
these conditions are meaningful when considered in the contest of residential
choice that is necessarily in total social economic and political condition of
a city. Also, those conditions are complex and an attempt to study these
problem makes the spatial organization of the city loom and larger, Pritchard
also has the view that very few people have complete freedom to choose where
they live. Individual residential location decisions are not taken in a vacuum.
Very few families have great hand in supervising the construction of the houses
that they are to occupy. The overwhelming majority select from that limited
range of suitable properties available at the time that best meet their
particular means and needs.
According
to Moser and Scott (1961) every town or city specializes in certain social
economic function that are reflected in the make up of their land. Use patterns
but all must denote a large proportion of their total area to housing.
In
Carter’s (1972) submission, he placed emphasis on choice and argued that
locational choice of individual families are the underlying factor of
residential environment. He further again opined that the qualities of areas,
the townscape and opportunities it offers affect the consumer behaviour on
residential choice. Also the level of income cannot be ignored as it plays a
major role in choosing residential location.
Tumer
(1978) sees renting as an initial stage in the residential career of family,
and eventually, the household becomes a consolidator owing land and its
accommodation in the urban periphery,
Usman
(1989) observed that maximization of profit formed one of the reasons for the
location of house by owners of houses by locating his house. In intensive
commercial activities also tenant are also unconscious about the varying rental
pay within a city before choosing their place of residence.
They
tend to choose where rents are lower except where other factors such as quality
and accessibility.
Jurner
(1968) also paid attention on the area of accessibility as he observed that
migrants trades of high value on accessibility to central city jobs against a
low value in rental tenements in the city central.
Kain
(1962) also submitted in his data from Detroit,
that lower income workers made short journeys to work and resides very close to
their working place.
Also
Johnson (1966) sees the high social class residents are been able to influence
where they stay. This he opined might be as a result of their high purchasing
power and the ability to being self-comminuting.
Jackson
(1989) and Duncan et al (1955) also observed that social status and occupation
group make a population aggregate residentially and this caused an observable
pattern of residential segregation in spatial terms that are in a city.
In
line with Ojors view (1985) Kadiri in his sample survey carried out in the
study areas shown that the problems involved in providing adequate housing in
Ekpoma are among others, those relating to land for house construction by
non-indigenes, shortage and expensive building and the provision of basic
services and infrastructure to residential neighborhoods. From the foregoing
literatures therefore, it is evident that the problems of housing has been of
major concern to both the government on the hand individuals and investors on
the other hand.
SUMMARY AND THE RESEARCH GAB
In the present study, many people and
authors have talk on housing problems in a university town. We may understand
that Ekpoma the housing is lesser due to that of the population of Ekpoma areas
increase from stage to stage.
Many researcher has not be able to get
the extent problems of housing in university town. The only persons that was
able to carried out the study of housing problem in Ekpoma is the researcher
who claim that the population of people in Ekpoma is higher than the housing in
Ekpoma town.
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