Nigerian Universities Research Topics: HOUSING PROBLEM IN UNIVERSITY TOWN: A CASE STUDY OF EKPOMA

CHAPTER ONE,
CHAPTER TWO,
CHAPTER THREE,
CHAPTER FOUR,
CHAPTER FIVE,

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDING

From the foregoing study, it is evident that apart from shortage in the supply of housing as a result of increased population, two major problems also plague housing in Ekpoma they are:

1. The quality of the available houses in the area.

2. And the rents paid on the houses.

These quality of a house apart from its physical structure also include all existing facilities such as light, water, space e.t.c. in the house, the inability of these facilities to cope with its present days demands suggest that the initial plan, if any, did not anticipate the rapid rate of urbanization in Ekpoma which have brought about increased and high tastes for these facilities and this had let to the over-utilization of the facilities there by leading to inefficiency.

The rent paid on housing in Ekpoma also poses serious problems on the general housing in the area. This is usually through the exorbitant and incessant high rents charged on house rents paid, by its owners.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The importance of adequate housing in the university town. Ekpoma cannot be overemphasized. Housing is one of the most significant infrastructural facilities of a university town. It is however said to note that inadequate housing and other concomitant housing deficiencies both in quality and quantity is obvious.

The essence of this essay in other words is due mainly to the fact that housing being a pre-requisite to the health existence of man needs to be provided to him adequately.

In the word of Akinbode (1989) housing and shelter are basic needs of man and indeed they are indispensable to the modern man.

More so, good housing is better for healthy and wholesome living.

In solving the problems of housing in a university town of Ekpoma, therefore the collective efforts of inter-related discipline, policy makers, planners, administrators, property developers, as well as housing consumers are imperative in the planning implementation and evaluation stages in housing provision.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Having examined housing and its related problems in Ekpoma, there is the need to evolve effective improvement and planning strategies for the day and the future. In this direction the researcher recommends the following:

1. In the area of matching the supply of housing with its demands, the school authority government, investors, corporate, agencies e.t.c. should put all hands on deck at making housing available to the university community in particular and the people of Ekpoma in general. For instance the school authority should do everything within its power to see the speedy completion of the one thousand students Hostel accommodation been constructed behind the Emotan Hostel as well as the staff blocks been constructed by the sports complex both of which are within the school compound.

Also, the school Authority should try and adhere strictly to the new directive given by the Nigerian universities commission (NUC) on the maximum of the five thousand student to be admitted into state universities per session.

This measure will go long way at curbing the population rate in Ekpoma, since a bulk of this population are mainly student, thereby reducing the demand for housing in the area.

2. Another measure aimed at increasing the supply and rents charged on housing in Ekpoma is that there should be price control on the cost of building materials. In addition, government should give incentives such as relief on income tax.

These measure will lead to positive increase in disposable income of individuals, thereby enhancing their capabilities to purchase more building materials and employ more labour at the same level of income.

3. In the area of rents paid, the landlord and the house owner in Ekpoma should see reasons to reduce the rent charged on their houses. Also they have to be sensitized on their agreed attitude” of in essently increasing their rents in proportion with increase in the present day cost of building materials.

4. Expansion and improvement participation in housing development is by re-organizing the existing financial institution and building societies to be more efficient. Effort making loan available to all and sundry should be intensified vigorously and their monitoring units should always make sure loan obtained were used for the purpose for which it is meant.

Also, loans could be granted to renovate old or traditional houses to suit the modern needs. This will reduce loss on the part of the individuals and more money will then be available to morn borrowers.

6. Modern housing need to make into consideration a number of socio-spatial parameters that are capable of providing a decent-living.

These parameters include accessibility to housing cleanliness of the housing environment, physical outlook of the housing units and availability of amenities such as electricity, water supply, toilet facilities refuse disposal sewage etc.

7. Finally, integrated rural development strategy will also case the housing problems in Ekpoma. Government decision making process that industries, commercial activities and administrative functions are concentrated in the towns and cities to the utter detriment and neglect of the semi-urban and rural hinterland should be revised.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akinbode .A. (Ed) The geography of Ekpoma. Benin published by the Department of geography and regional planning Ekpoma 1983.

Akinbode A. Conceptual issues on Housing provision in less developed countries” a paper presented at the 32^nd annual conference of the Nigerian geographical association held in Ekpoma 1989.

Akinbode .A. “Housing in Ekpoma” an environmental impact analysis, a report submitted to the Bendel State university, Ekpoma 1987

Awake “the global Housing crisis” is there a solution? September 22-2005.

Carter, H. The study of urban Geography London-Edward Arnold publishers, 172.

Cherry, G.T. Rural Planning Problems London Leonard Hill: 1976

Darke .J. Warke. R. Who needs housing London Macmillan 1979

Dakhil, F.H. et al Housing problems in developing countries vol. 2 U.S.A, John Wiley, 1978

Kadiri M.A. “Housing stock and demanazine case study of Ekpoma. A paper presented at the 32^nd Nigerian geographical association conference Ekpoma 1989.

Lemar A.C. “Strategy to meeting Housing needs in Nigeria’s urban centres: Methods and recommendations.

Lewis I.M. “Housing: The urban poor in Nigeria current hands and problem” A paper presented at international Africa seminar in Housing the urban poor in Africa. London 1986.

Mabogunje, A.L. “Urbanization in Nigeria, London university of Ibadan press 1968.

Murison, H.S and Lea J.P” Housing in the third world countries perspective o policy and practice London., Marianna 1979

Ojo, A.T “Financing urban housing in Nigeria, Onibokun (ed) Housing in Nigeria NISER Ibadan 1985

Okay, U. (ED) Housing: The impact of Economy and Technology. U.S.A Pergamon 1981.

Okpala, D.C. “Central Reconsidered” in Onibokun (ed) Housing in Nigeria. Ibadan NISER 1985.

Onokerhoraye, A.G. “The pattern of Housing in Benin” Reprinted from Ekistic journal vol. 41, No 242, 1976, pp 55-59

Patricm I.W. et al Urban housing strategies U.K. Pitman 1976

Pritchard R.M. “Housing an the spatial structure” London Cambridge press, 1979

Roberts M. “An introduction to town country planning Techniques. Australia Hutchinson 1974.

Robson B.T. “Urban Analysis, London university press, Cambridge 1969

Segynola A.A “The Nigerian Rural Housing Environments a focus on Bendel State” Journal of Environmental Management. 1987. pp 182.

Segynola A.A “Some factors influencing Housing condition (quality) in rural area”. The case of the Okpenseria in Akoko-Edo Nigeria vol. 55 no 3 Lagos 1987 pp 54-60.

Usman A.A “Property and property values change in Sabohari areas (Kano-Urban)” a paper presented at the 32^nd Annual Association, Held at Ekpoma 1989.

QUESTIONNAIRE

HOUSING PROBLEMS IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN

A CASE STUDY OF EKPOMA

THE QUESTIONS ASKED IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE ARE STRICTLY FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE ONLY. YOUR RESPONSE TO THE QUESTIONS HERE WILL BE TREATED WITH UTMOST CONFIDENTIALITY

TICK (√) when appropriate

SECTION A

RESPONDENTS DATA

1. Name of Street--------------------------------------------

2. Area:------------------------------------------------------

3. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( ) Both sexes ( )

4. Age group: Below 20yrs ( ) 20yrsand Below 30yrs ( ) and below 40yrs ( ) 40yrs and Below 30yrs ( ) 50yrs and above ( )

5. Marital Status: Married ( ) Single ( ) Divorced ( ) widowed ( )

6. If married, state the number of children-------------

7. What is your Nationality: Nigerian by birth ( ) Nigerian by Nationalization ( ) other ECOWAS National ( ), African other than ECOWAS ( ) Non African ( )

8. Place of Birth (State and L.G.A of Origin)--------------

9. Origin (State and L.G.A of Origin)----------------------

10. Where is your place of usual residence.

i. Usually reside in this locality ( )

ii. Usual place of residence different from the locality------------------------------------------------------

11. Total persons in household------------------------------- Males in the house ( ) Female in the house ( ) Both Sexes ( )

12. What is your relationship to the head of this household? Head of household ( ) Absence of head of household ( ) Spouse ( ) Child ( ) Parent ( ) Brother ( ) Other Blood relation ( ) Institutional household ( )

13. Number of department relatives living with you------------------------------------------------------------------

14. What is your most serious disability? seeing ( ) Hearing ( ) Speaking ( ) Mentality ( ) Mobility ( ) None ( ) Other specify-----------------------------------

15. Can you read and write with understanding in any language Yes ( ) No ( )

16. What is your schooling status? Never attended ( ) Attended in the Past but not now ( ) Attending tertiary ( )

17. What is your highest level of formal education competed? None ( ) S.S.S/SEC/TTC ( ) Nursery ( ) Primary ( ) OND/NCE ( ) University Graduate ( ) other specify-------------------------------------

18. In respect of the last 12 months, which of these applies to you: working now including unpaid work on farm or Business ( ) Worked before but not now ( ) Seeking first workover ( ) Student (Exclusive) ( ) other economically (if ii specify state and L.G.A) if Outside Nigerian, write your country name-------------------------------------------------------------------

19. Occupation status (If your are currently working or ever worked on the last 12 months, what type of worked did/do you do-------------------------------------

20. Which of these applies to your place of work? Salary/wage ( ) Causal worker ( ) own work without paid employee, ( )

21. Who owns this building? Personal ( ) Company ( ) rented ( ) Family ( ) Inherited ( ) Government ( )

22. How much is your monthly rental pay?

23. What is your transport cost to school/work daily? ------------------------------

SECTION B

HOUSING TYPE/QUALITY

24. Type of living house? Housing unit ( ) Hoste ( ) Students residence (Hostel) ( ) Family House ( ) other specify-------------------------------------------

25. Which types of housing unit do you occupy? House on a separate stand, or yard ( ) Traditional/mud house ( ) Mud but plastered with cement ( ) Cement bricks ( ) Modern/self contained/flat ( )

26. How many rooms do you occupy in this dwelling?

27. What is the main construction material used for the floor of this dwelling? Earth/Mud Brick ( ) Stone ( ) Cement/concrete ( )

28. What are the main construction materials for the doors/windows? Wooden ( ) Sliding and wooden ( ) Iron ( ) Sliding only ( ) inactive specify----------------------------------------------------------------------------

29. What is the main construction materials used from the walls of this dwelling? And red ( ) wood/bamboo ( ) Metal/zinc sheet ( ) stone ( ) cement/Block/ Bricks ( ) other specify-----------------------------------

30. What is the main construction materials used for the root of this dwelling? Thatch/palm leaves/ratio ( ) wood/Bamboo ( ) cement/concrete ( ) roofing tiles ( ) corrugated metal zinc sheet ( )

31. What are the sizes of the rooms in the dwelling 8x8m ( ) 8x10m ( ) 10x10m ( ) 12x12m ( ) 8x12m ( ) other specify-------------------------------------------

32. What is your tenure status (i.e. tenancy agreement in this dwelling? Owned ( ) rented ( ) occupied rent tree ( ) squatting ( ) owned but not yet paid off ( ) other specify-------------------------------------

33. Who owns this dwelling? Parents ( ) family member ( ) private employer ( ) other specify----------------------------------------------------------------------

34. What is the main source of water supply to this dwelling? Pipe borne water inside dwelling ( ) well ( ) out-out pond/lake/spring/dam/pod ( ) River/ Stream/spring ( ) tanker supply/water vendor ( ) other specify------------------------------------------------

35. What type of toilet do you use in the dwelling? Bucket/paw ( ) Public toilet ( ) pit latrine ( ) water close ( ) other specify------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36. What type of Energy/fuel (sources) does this household mainly use for cooking? Electricity ( ) gas ( ) kerosene ( ) coal ( ) fire wood ( )

37. What type of Energy/fuel (source) does the household use for lighting? Electricity ( ) Gas ( ) candle ( ) coal ( ) kerosene ( ) solar ( ) other specify-----------------------------------------------------

38. How does this household dispose off its rubbish (solid water)? Collected ( ) Buried by household ( ) Public approved dump ( ) unapproved dumpsite ( ) other specify----------------------------------------------

39. How many of each of the following facilities in good working condition are owned by members of this household? Radio ( ) gas cooker ( ) computer ( ) cable television ( ) refrigerator ( ) telephone ( ) other specify------------------------------------------------

40. What is the major means of transport by this household? Camel ( ) bus ( ) car ( ) boat ( ) bicycle ( ) motorcycle ( )-------------------------------

41. Besides the availability for other use of telephone in this household, where do members of this household use the telephone? Place of work ( ) at a business centre ( ) at a neighbour nearby ( ) No access to telephone ( ) other specify-------------------------------------------------------------------

42. Beside the availability (or other use) of television in this household, where else do members of this household watch television? Place of work ( ) at a public television viewing centre nearby ( ) at a neighbour nearby ( ) No access to television ( ) other specify-----------------------------------------------

APPENDIX II

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

(HOUSING TYPES)

Ho: There are no variations in housing types throughout the study area. (Ekpoma).

Hi: There is variations in housing types throughout the study area (Ekpoma).

The two-way Chi-square will be used to test this hypothesis

Formula X²=

n n (Oij-Eij)

∑ ∑ i=ij=1 Eij

Where:

Oij are observed frequencies, and Eij are expected frequencies.

TABLE 1: WORKING

House type	Low population	Middle population	High population	Total density	Percentage
Traditional houses	2	20	65	110	31.5%
Modern house	20	30	20	60	57.9%
Mixed houses	15	8	10	20	10.5%
Total	37	58	95	190	100%

Source: Field work 2010

To obtain expected values, a contingency table was drawn.

TABLE 2: CONTINGENCY

House type	Low population	Middle population	High population	Total density	Percentage
Traditional houses	5.9	6.1	10	20	10.5%
Modern house	11.7	18.3	30	60	31.6%
Mixed houses	21.4	33.6	55	110	57.9%
Total	37	58	95	190	100%

Source: Field work 2010

Oij	Eij	Oij-Eij Eij
2	3.9	(2-3.9)²/3.9 =.93
20	11.7	(20-11.7)²/11.7 = 5.89
15	21.4	(15-21.4)²/21.4 = 1.91
8	6.1	(8-6.1)²/6.1 = 0.59
20	18.3	(20-18.3)²/18.3 = 0.16
30	33.6	(30-33.6)²/33.6 = 0.39
10	10.0	(10-10.0)²/10.0 = 0.00
20	30.0	(20-30.0)²/30.0 = 3.33
65	55.0	(65-55.0)²/55.0 = 1.82

∑(Oij-Eij)²

Eij

= 15.02

: X²= 15.02

Degree of freedom = (K-1) (r-1)

= (3-1) (3-1)

2 2

= 4

The table value at 5% level of significance is 9.4 since the calculated value of 15.02 is greater than the value of 9.49, we reject the null hypothesis (Ho) and accept the alternative hypothesis (Hi). We conclude therefore “there is variation in housing types through out the study area (Ekpoma).

APPENDIX III

(HOUSING QUALITY)

Ho: There are no significant variation in Housing quality throughout Ekpoma (study area).

Hi: There are significant variations in housing quality throughout Ekpoma (Study area).

Number of settlements	Zone A	Zone B	Zone C
1	16	15	10
2	10	20	15
3	15	35	15
4	95	14	30
5	25	12	40
6	80	50	50
7	48	80	14
8	30	45	12
9	35	25	45
10	20	70	70
	A=3.71	B=36.6	C=30.1

Where

N = 10 A = ∑(AIN) B = ∑ (B/N)

C = ∑ (C-N)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to analyze these sampled data.

It is given as:

F = VM

Where VM = n ∑ (X-X)²

VK = ∑O12

APPENDIX IV

(HOUSING QUALITY AND RENT)

Ho: There are no significance relationship between housing quality and rents.

Hi: There are significant relationship between housing quality and rents.

This test was carried out using the Spearman’s Rank correlation co-efficient.

The formula is given as:

rs=1-6∑di₂

(N³-N)

X	Y	X ranked	Y ranked	X-y	D²(x-y)²
11.5	31	1	2	-1	1
100.5	28	2	3	-1	1
48.5	37	7	1	6	36
91.5	27	3	4	-1	01
85.5	25	5	5.5	-05	2.3
90.5	25	4	55	-15	2.25
32.5	22	9	7	-2	4
78.0	18	6	8	-2	4
47.5	15	8	9	1	1
24.0	12	10	10	0	0
					50.5

rs= 1-6∑di2 = 1-6x50.5

(N3-N) 10³-10

= 1-303

1000-10

1-303

990

= 1-041

rs= 0.69

This value was further tested at 5% level of significance using the T-test.

= rs n-2 = 0.69 10-2

1-rs 1-0.692

= 0.69 8

0.5239

= 0.69 15.3

= 0.59x3.91

+ = 2.70

Degree of freedom is N-2

= 10.2

= 8

The table value at 0.05 level of significance is 2.31 since the calculated value for “t” (2.70) is greater than the table value (2.31), the null hypothesis (Ho) in other words, we therefore conclude that “there is a significant relationship between housing quality and Rent.

(A-^NA)²	(B-^NB)²	(C-^NC)²
445.21	466.56	404.01
734.41	275.56	228.01
488.41	2.6	228.01
3352.41	510.75	0.01
146.41	605.16	98.01
1840.41	179.56	396.01
62.41	1883.56	259.21
50.41	70.56	327.61
4.41	134.56	222.01
292.41	115.56	1592.01
7416.	5244.4	3754.9

Applying the formular

Vm = N∑(x-x²)²/k-1

Where:

X = Mean obtained,

K = 3,

N = 10,

X = Grand mean i.e. ∑ x, + x 2+ x3----/R

X² = 37.1+36.6+30.1

X² = 34.6

37.1-36.6 = (2.5)² = 6.25

36.6- 34.6 (2.0)² = 4.0

301-34.6 = (-4-5)² = 30.25

∑1 x-X²)² = 30.5

Vm = n ∑ (X-X)/kn1

= 10(30.5)

3-1 = 305

VM = 152.5

VK = ∑O12

= 7416.9 = 741.69

= 5244.4 = 524.44

= 3754.9 = 375.49

VK = 741.69+524.44 + 375.49

VK = 547.2

F = VM

VK = 152.5 = 0.28

547.2

The Degree of Freedom for the numerator (di) is c-1 = 3-1=2

While the degree of freedom for the denominator is cr-c=30-3=27

Tabulated “F” value at 5% level of significance is 3.35, while it is 5.49 at 1% level of significance.

Since the calculated value for “F” is less than the table values at both levels of significance (1% and 5%) the Null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted.

This implies that, “there are significant variations in housing quality throughout the Ekpoma (Study Area).”

APPENDIX V

(DISTANCES AND RENTS)

Distances of Residence from place of work (Activity Area) in the Three Residential zones

Distance km	High density	Mid density	Low density	Total density	Percentage
0-4	35	19	16	35	58.3%
5-9	7	12	16	11	29.2%
10-14	1	2	2	70	9.17%
Above15	0	2	8	4	3.33%
	43	35	42	120	100%

Source: Fieldwork 2010

Ho: There is negative correlation between distance from activity areas and rents paid

Hi: There is positive correlation between distance from activity area and rents paid

The chi-square test (X²) was used analyze this data shown below.

Formula:

X²= n n

∑ ∑

1 = 1 j = 1 (Oij-Eij)

Eij

Where:

Oij are Observed Frequencies and

Eij are expected frequencies

Applying the Eij formula, a contingency table is drawn.

CONTINGENCY TABLE

Distance km	High density	Mid density	Low density	Total density	Percentage
0-4	25.083	20.417	24.5	70	58.3%
5-9	12.542	10.208	12.25	35	29.2%
10-14	3.942	3.208	3.85	11	9.17%
Above15	1.433	1.167	1.4	4	3.33%
Total	43	35	42	120	100%

Oij	Eij	Oij-Eij
35	25.083	(35-25.083)²25.084=3.921
7	12.542	(7-12.542)²/12.542=2.449
1	3.942	(1-3.942)²/3.942
0	1.433	(0.1.433)²/1.433=1.433
19	20.417	(19-20.417)²/20.419=0.098
12	10.208	(12-10.208)²/10.208 =0.315
2	3.208	(2-3.208)²/3.208 = 0.455
2	1.167	(2-1/167)²/1.167=0.595
16	24.5	(16-24.5)²/24.5=2.949
16	12.25	(16-12.25)²12.25=1.148
8	3.85	(8-3.85)²/3.85=4.473
2	1.4	(2-1.4)²/1.4=0.257
		∑(Oij-Eij)²/Eij=20.289=20.29

Degree of freedom = (k-1) (r-1)

= (4-1) (3-1)

3 2

= 6

The table value at 1% level of significant is 16.81, while the calculate value is 20.29. Since the calculated value is greater, it means that the test is significant therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, while the alternative hypothesis (Hi) is accepted to the type and nature of modern building materials used in the construction of such a house.

4.1 DISTANCE AND RENTS

Accessibility is however another major’s factor, which determines the rents, paid on housing in Ekpoma. Accessibility in this context refers to the ease within which people enjoy the facilities within their neighbourhood. Two major activities in Ekpoma led to the influx of people in the area. They are:

1. The state owned Ambrose Alli University

2. The commercial Hub of the town, which revalues around the market square (Emaudo, Eguare)

The implication of these two activities is that, even with the poor nature of types of house in the area, they still have the highest demand for housing, for instance, the rent paid for a renovated mixed house type in Ukpenu, Ujoelen, and Benin.

HOUSING PROBLEM IN UNIVERSITY TOWN: A CASE STUDY OF EKPOMA

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