Nigerian Universities Research Topics: campaign against female genital mutilation (cagem)

AN ASSESSMENT OF MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN AGAINST FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) IN AGENEBODE, ETSAKO EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to determine why media campaigns against female genital mutilation (FGM) in Agenebode, headquarter of Etsako East Local Government Area, are not making positive impact on her indigenes, because the practice is very rampant in the locality. This study, however, still relies on the premise that media campaign is an essential tool for correcting or eliminating a social ill.

A questionnaire was therefore designed and administered in the locality to determine the cause of the persistence of the F.G.M practice. The major reason deduced, amongst many, is that Etsako people in this community are resistant to change due to their strong believe in tradition.

This study therefore recommends that government authorities and NGOs should adopt a new formula in their campaigns against FGM practice. Secondly, media campaigns should include puritive consequences against any known FGM perpetrators in their campaign content.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Scope of study

1.3 Statement of the problem

1.4 Purpose of the study

1.5 Objectives of the study

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Research methodology

1.8 Limitations of the study

1.9 Definition of operational terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Evolution of mass media

2.2 Post-Independence press

2.3 Development of Broadcasting

2.4 Component of the mass media

2.5 Television broadcast

2.6 Radio

2.7 Planning mass media campaign

2.8 Communication campaigns

2.9 The issues on female genital mutilation

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Population of the study

3.2 Sample of the study

3.3 Research design

3.4 Sampling techniques

3.5 Description for research instrument

3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation

4.2 Presentation and analysis of demographic data

4.3 Presentation analysis of Psychographic Data

4.4 Discussion of findings

4.5 Summary of findings

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary observation

5.2 Recommendation

5.3 Conclusion

Work cited

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The mass media plays an important role in the society by entertaining, enlightening and educating citizenry. The media usually comes in between creation and distribution reflecting the use of the term medium to describe the means of passing mass information to the audience. According to Steinberg (1972) the media includes

Radio, television and wire services,

National magazines, motion picture

(film) and to some extents books. (B).

Mass media campaigns therefore remain an important strategy for health promotion, social orientation and disease preventions since 1940s. Yet, considerable debate surround the effectiveness of those campaigns that take the form of series of television and radio public service announcement (PSAS) with collation of print materials such as posters, booklets, brochures, handbills, leaflets and billboard displays.

Non governmental organization (NGOS) are often involved as intermediaries to help disseminate the message of the campaigns. In Nigeria, mass media campaigns have been conducted on topics covering general health issues like immunization, birth control, cancer control, mental health, lung disease and HIV/AIDS e.t.c.

In recent years female circumcision here is after referred to as female Genital mutilation (FGM) is of course one of the age long trado cultural practices that have drawn the attention of government and non-governmental organizations in many countries of the world. FGM recognized by many as an issue of medical, social and legal practice has a long and complex history. At present F.G.M remains common in many cultures in Africa and the middle East, varying in forms and severity as a result of each group’s socio cultural norms and belief systems.

It can have severe medical and psychological consequences for the girl child and woman on whom it is performed. As the World Health Organization (WHO) 2002 has stated,

Changes in individual behaviour

World seem to require both the

Provision of accurate information

and the reduction of mis information. (27).

In this regard, enormous amount of money has been spent on campaigns intended to discourage the practice as well as educate the populace on the inherent damage the practice has on the female child. People receive a number of influences as a result of their exposure to the media and differ in their receptivity to these influences.

However the essence of this study is to among other things ascertain the level of effectiveness of the various mass media campaigns on awareness, knowledge, attitude and the desired behavioural change. Moreover, the study will also find out the people’s perception towards media campaign messages in Agenebode.

1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY

The focus of this study is an assessment of media campaigns against Female genital mutilation (FGM) in Agenebode, the headquarter of Etsako East local Government Area of Edo State. The choice of Agenebode is motivated by the fact that FGM practice in Agenebode is still very rampant inspite of several media campaigns against the practice which are broadcast on state, and federal governments owned electronic media as well as privately owned media stations, all signals of which are received in Agenebode. There is also the presence of the print media in Agenebode because there are major Nigerian dailies that cannot be bought in various News paper stands in the local government headquarter.

This study therefore believes that the persistence of FGM practice in Agenebode is not because there are not enough media campaigns against it but that the Etsako people in this community are resistant to change due to their strong belief in tradition. There may be need for government authorities and NGOs to adopt a new formula in their campaigns against FGM practice. First of all, media campaigns should include puritive consequences against any known FGM perpetrators in their campaign content. Secondly, government authorities and NGOs should sponsor a lot of persistent outdoor activities against FGM practice in schools, market places and in churches and mosques. These should include drama sketches and open air propaganda. Any recently known FGM practitioner should be prosecuted and sentenced in order to deter others from the practice.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Over the century, thousands of mass media campaigns have disseminated messages about dozens of different health topics to the Nigerian public. Government and health associations have sought to educate and persuade the public to adopt healthy practice or to avoid behaviour that pose a risk to health such as female genital mutilation (FGM) through frequent and prominent placement of paid health messages in the mass media.

However, despite the high resources committed to this course, there is still a prevalence of these unhealthy practices. The effectiveness of these mass media campaigns is then questioned. Despite the heavy flow of multimedia messages they have produced almost no sign or evidence in knowledge gained and effective desire to change or modify undesirable behavioural, attitudinal lifestyles. This pessimistic outlook might be as a result of the target public high resistant to mediated messages, apathy, attitudinal defensiveness and cognitive ineptness.

This study however, will seek to fill this knowledge gap specifically in Agenebode, Etsako East Local government area of Edo State.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study, is to investigate the effectiveness of mass media campaign interventions in influencing public behaviour. The essence however, is to establish direct links between mass media campaign interventions and subsequent public awareness, knowledge, attitude and behavioural change against FGM in Agenebode, Etsako East local Government Area of Edo State.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Based on the general background and purpose, the research focuses on the following specific objectives

i. To find out the effectiveness of mass media campaign in generating awareness and knowledge on the harmful effects of FGM

ii. To find out the degree to which the various campaigns have led to change in behaviour and attitude.

iii. To find out which mass media (Electronic or Print) has the greatest influence on the campaign influence on the campaign against FGM in Agenebode, Etsako East Local Government Area of Edo State.

iv. To ascertain the perception of the people towards mass media campaign messages in Agenebode.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

No doubt, mass media campaign plays an influential role in many societies. Therefore understanding and ascertaining their level of effectiveness in generating awareness, knowledge and sensitization leading to desired behavioural change is imperative. Considering the huge amount spent on mass media campaigns interventions, the findings of this study will help government and non-government organization (NGOs) set priorities, re-strategize and deploy resources wisely to the specific mass media or mediums that will be effective in achieving their goals.

Moreso, the findings will also be beneficial to advertising agencies and media firms in policy and strategies formulation. The research hopes to contribute immensely to existing pool of knowledge on mass media campaigns strategies and effectiveness in Nigeria. Finally, it will serve as a useful reference to future researchers.

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The target population of this study will consist of students in secondary and tertiary institutions, market men and women who have lock up shops in Agenebode local market and local government council employees. The sample of the study shall consist of 40 men and women who have lock up shops, 20 members of staff of Etsako East local Government council, 40 students in secondary and tertiary institutions will constitute the third sample group. The sample population will therefore amount to 100.

A survey method of gathering data will be used in the study. A sample questionnaire will be drawn and administered. The data gathered will be analysed using simple percentage and descriptive method.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Library resources and other information on this topic were relatively old and obsolete. Time and financial constraints also greatly slowed down the process of gathering information. Most on-line sources of information required financial subscriptions. Time was insufficient due to pressure from other academic activities.

The above limitations not withstanding, this researcher was not deterred by these challenges but worked tirelessly to meet her objectives in order to produce a reliable study.

1.9 DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS

Mass media is a channel of communication, for example, television, radio through which messages flow and are produced by a few for consumption by many people. Units of communication, television, radio station, newspapers and magazines Ogbiten B.O (2008).

CAMPAIGN

Any deliberate effort planned and directed towards identified audience purposely to sensitize and influence (shape or reshape) their attitude and behaviour concerning a thing (Ogbiten, 2008).

MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN

In this research work mass media campaign refers to a deliberate, designed and planned means and series of information and communication activities through the media to a large number of audiences with a set purpose of influencing their ideas, behaviour and knowledge, e.t.c.

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

The use of this word in this study refers to cutting the clitoris of the female organ by harming or depriving it of its natural functions to a woman, especially by cutting or tearing off part of it (Oxford Dictionary) in this case of this study this will mean the female genital organ (virgina)

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 EVOLUTION OF MASS MEDIA

Mass media in Nigeria has come a long way. It has its roots in colonialism and through the missionary efforts of Rt. Reverend Henry Townsend of the church missionary society (CMS). According to Sambe (2005:149) commenting on the evolution and nature of the Nigerian mass media, quotes a British media scholar Peter Golding as having said that

Nigerian press was born of anti-colonial

Protest, baptized in the flood of nationalist

Propaganda and mature in party politics

Sambe (2005:149) argued that this view succinctly drives home the point about the Nigerian media that they preceded what come to be known as Nigeria by 1913 when Lord Lugard amalgamated the Northern and Southern protectorates. In other words, the media and the Nigerian newspaper existed before there came into being on entity called Nigeria. It was on December 3, 1859 that the first Newspaper, Iwe Rohin, was set up in Abeokuta by Revered Henry Townsend, an Anglican missionary. Iwe Irohin, Which later became bilingual, published in Yoruba and English disappeared from the newsstands in October 1867 following the expulsion of its proprietors and subsequent destruction of its printing press during a popular revolt. It was not until the late 1880s that popular newspapers emerged as educated Africans were becoming disillusioned and frustrated because of the contradictions between the professed benovelence of Christian colonialism and its alienating, exploitative nature and because of the racial indignities suffered by the natives. Taking advantage of the growing literature population and the expansion in the printing industry, the Africans founded newspapers that spear-headed a brand of nationalism that was both cultural and political.

The newspapermen at this time were professional and vocational journalist who took a possible role in politics and active in social live (Omu in Sambe 2005: 150). The activities of the pressmen at that time were identical with the intellectual and material development of Nigeria. Dr Azikiwe himself later joined the horde of African journalists and publishers establishing a chain of newspapers, of which the West African pilot was the daily Times, which had been established in 1926 by a group of expatriates, that actually revolutionized by the state of the media in Nigeria. Daily Times was later incorporated in the mirror group of London and became the technical pivot of the Nigerian press. It expanded rapidly and its effective distribution and strategy led rival newspapers to seek ways of meeting the challenges it posed. In 1949 Obafemi Awolowo, leader of the Action group and former journalist, founded the Nigerian Tribune (Sambe 2005:150).

The period 1950, witnessed the establishment of radio and television, development of monthly magazines and the entry of government into the newspaper industry, hitherto, largely a monopoly of the Private sector and political parties. In 1960, the Eastern Nigerian Government, led by Dr. Azikiwe converted the Weekly Eastern Nigerian Outlook into a daily newspaper and renamed it Nigerian Outlook. The following year, the federal Government Established the Morning post and Sunday post. In 1966 Western Nigerian government set up by the Daily Sketch. In January 1966, barely a week before the first military coup of January 15^th, the Northern Nigerian government floated the New Nigerian Newspaper (NNW), which absorbed the leading vernacular newspapers Gasklya Ta Fi Kwabo published by the Gasklya corporation, Zaria.

2.2 POST-INDEPENDENCE PRESS

Soon after the independence of Nigeria, many regional governments realized the power of the newspapers and a disturbing trend crept in to media practice. According to Dare in Sambe (2005:15)

Because of the failure to distinguish between the ruling party and the government, they were for all practical purposes, party organs financed by the public, through crude and over Zealous

Partisanship. They transformed opponents of the ruling party into dissents with disloyalty.

The different problems visible in the press, at that time, were biases, partisanship, half truths and pernicious propaganda. Shortly after the civil war and the era of oil boom, there was proliferation of newspapers and magazines such as concord, vanguard, Daily star and the Guardian. Though there was quality improvement in content and colours but there was the problem of professionalism.

2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING

The development of the broadcast media is not as dramatic as the print. It started roughly 75 years after print, precisely 1935, through the establishment of the Radio Distribution service. This was intimated by the British colonialists to serve as a means of communication and contact with events in Britain. Most of the programmes were European Oriented.

In 1951, assisted by the British colonialists Nigeria established the Nigerian Broadcasting Service. At this time there was clamor by regional governments, to own and operate their own station. This was the advent of rationalization and self-government. Having observed the penetrability of radio medium regional governments were fascinated. According to Nwosu (2004:18), with the leadership of the regions in the hands of black leaders like Awolowo was vigorously escalated. Awalowo being an ambitious, dedicated and goal oriented leader saw the radio as a means of radiating his ideas. This led to the establishment of the Western Nigeria Broadcasting service in 1959. Late Dr Okpara, who foresaw a better educated Eastern Nigerian, established the Eastern Nigeria Broadcasting Service in 1963. Today, with the creation of 36 states radio stations have proliferated.

2.4 COMPONENTS OF THE MASS MEDIA

The mass media is traditionally divided into the print and electronic media. The electronic media comprises the radio, television, films; while the print media comprises the newspapers, magazines. The two major types of the electronic media shall be discussed briefly.

2.5 TELEVISION BROADCAST

According to Nwosu (2004:19), television development was also not dramatic in Nigeria. It started in 1959 through the efforts of the Western Regional Government. Late Chief Obafemi Awolowo created the western Nigeria Telvision (WNTV). It came as rude shock to the then federal government, which later started its own television.

Radio and television became a hot cake to regional governments as formidable channels for penetrating the populace and ensure national unity. At this time, it was not profitable for private ownership. Even then very few governments were quick to acquire its service. However, at the dying days of the General Babagida administration, the broadcast ownership and operation was liberalized, through the areas of transmission and telecast were limited.

The earliest experimental television receivers used tiny screens based on cathode ray tubes about four inches in diameter. Cameras were crude and required intense lighting. People who appeared on experimental broadcast had to wear bizarre purple and gray make-up to provide contrast for the picture. Development of television continued till the end of World War II in 1945 when a number of television stations were established and the public was ready to buy sets. The period of 1953 to 1960 was regarded as the golden age of television.

The role played by television broadcasting in our contemporary society includes entertainments and information. Television has the ability to deliver a story visually from the scene of the action, making viewers feel as though they were at the scenes themselves. It also presents an atmosphere of ease which viewers can receive the news. Reading a story in the newspaper require much more concentration than watching one on television. A routine newscast on a local station of the network simply sketches even the main story with barely a sentence or two.

Network executives concede quite readily that they provide little more than a headline service and that for detailed information viewers must read newspaper (Sambe, 2005:110) the other side of the coin is that many individual do not wish to know more about the day’s event than television provides. Television as an audio-visual medium has a far reaching impact on the society at large. It has made impact on the activities of man culturally, emotionally, economically, and otherwise. Of all the media in use today, television has been considered the most credible due to its combination of audio-visual aesthetics. Finally, the impact of television is so relevant to the media industry and to society that in the absence of television, it will not angur well for both society and the media industry.

2.6 RADIO

Radio is undoubtedly the most powerful instrument for nation building. Given our oral tradition, it is a medium through which all part of the nation can be reached easily. Infact radio has picked up as traditional media systems are being discarded. But as it often is the case in Africa, dualism also subsists in the media-the old co-exiting with the modern.

There is always a tendency to forget that African has a rich media tradition. Indigenous communication systems have always existed to dialogue, inform, educate and solve social conflicts. Rural residents who constitute the majority of the continents population use traditional means to disseminate information: a town crier walks through the village at night striking his going to summon villagers to community activities: a drum beat communicate death, imminent invasion or the spread of an epidemic, and the lyrics in publicity performed songs aim to reduce stress and help workers improve their work ethics. Certainly traditional communication systems are a market place of ideas and skills.

The expansion and introduction of radio, in recent times, is reducing the impact of these traditional systems. The radio transmission involves the process by which messages are sent through electoral signals into the air waves. In other words, sound could be sent and received through these waves. The history of radio dates back to the 19^th century when Samuel Morse invented the Electronic telegraph. Gugielmo Marconi built on the invention to produce electro-magnetic impulses, which could be sent through the air without wire, carrying voice transmission over long distance.

This series of invention continued until 1920, a wireless manufacturing company in Bittsburg, USA took patent to make regular broadcast, under the call sign KDKA. The KDKA thus became the first broadcasting station in the world. Like television, radio operates under strict Government control and scrutiny. Each station has a license from the federal or state to broadcast on a specific Band with designated power at certain authorized hours.

The radio station range from extremely strong, clear channel, 50,000 watts transmitter whose signals can be picked up hundred of miles away to low powered non-commercial stations with a range of only a few miles. Many radio stations operate under joint ownership with television stations. One major advantage the radio offers to advertisers compared to television is its low cost, both for air time and for preparation of the commercials. Also, radio is more flexible in time availability and the speed with which it can accommodate new advertising copy. Radio however, lacks the visual appeal that helps the television to have more patronage and audience. Radio has not only succeeded in bringing government and its polices to the citizen’s parlor, but serves as source of comfort. Radio is a good friend in times of loneliness and partner in every circumstance.

2.7 PLANNING MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN

This section describes relevant communication and behaviour change theories that form the theoretical framework for mass media campaign plans. These include risk communication behaviour change, communication and information process theories. They provide a solid foundation for mass media campaign plans. In this section, attempt will be made to describe the major components of these theories and their application to the mass media campaign plan.

2.8.1 RISK PERCEPTIONS AND RISK COMMUNICATION

Theories of risk perception and risk communication indicate how audiences well perceive the FGM risks. Risk perception influences people’s behaviour and response more than technical assessments (Frewer 2004:394) Research conducted by Slovic (2000:24) has consistently demonstrated that:

Factors such as whether a risk is perceived to be involuntary, potentially catastrophic or uncontrolled are more important determinants of public response than technical risk information alone.

Most members of the public are concerned about long-term effects of risk, equity, fairness and lack of personal control (Renn, 2004:412). People are more comfortable with threats that they can be before seen and planned for rather than threats that could materialize themselves at anytime regardless of how unlikely that might be (Renn, 2004: 410). In addition, people often seem much more comfortable with familiar hazards. Moreover, they appear willing to tolerate much higher risks from the former than the latter. Some consequences, such as casualties, child mortality, death of children is more troublesome than other consequences. These qualitative factors in risk assessment offer a plausible explanation for the fact that risk resources deemed a low-risk by technical assessment can be a source of great concern to the public. Conversely, a high risk may be of less concern to the public. The following factors affect risk assessment and change.

a. Familiarity with the source of the risk.

b. Voluntary acceptance of the risk.

c. Personal control of, and ability to influence the risk

d. Natural man-made causes of the risk.

e. Reliability of risk information sources

f. Clarity of information on risk

g. Level of community participation in the risk management process.

Therefore, messages about female genital mutilation and the consequences of the practice on the female child will need to address any misconceptions about risks and consequences.

2.8.2 BEHAVIOUR CHANGE THEORIES

Given that the mass media campaign plan will address behavioural change. The campaign materials and messages should be based on the behaviour change theory. The four-behaviour change theories are:

a. The trans-theoretical model of Behaviour Change (also called the stage of change model)

b. The Health Belief Model.

c. The theory of Reasoned Action

d. Social Learning Theory

2.8.3 Trans-theoretical model of Behaviour change (Stages of Changes).

According to the Trans-theoretical model of Behaviour change, people tend to exhibit varying degrees of readiness or actual involvement in the behaviour change process. The model places individual in five stages that indicate their readiness to attempt, make or sustain behaviour change. The five stages are:

a. Pre-contemplation

b. Contemplation

c. Preparation

d. Action

e. Maintenance

According to Prochaska and Diclemente (1983:393).

Stages are specific to behaviour, and change is often cyclical, meaning that behaviour may slip from one stage back to a previous stage

The varying levels of motivation and involvement of individuals in the different stages may require different intervention, materials or messages.

STAGES OF CHANGE MODELL

The Trans-theoretical model of behaviour change offers a detailed description of the stages mentioned above.

Pre-contemplation: The individual is not intending or even thinking about change in the foreseeable future (usually measured as the next 6 months)

Contemplation: The individual is not prepared to take action at present, but is intending to within the next 6 months)

Preparation: The individual is actively considering his or her behaviour in the immediate future (e.g. within the next 6 months).

Action: The individual has actually made an overt behaviour change in the recent past, but the change are not well established (has been maintained for 6 months or less).

Maintenance: The individual has changed his or her behaviour, maintained the change for more than six months and is working to sustain the change.

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Beck and Maiman (1975:17) propose that people are likely to engage in preventive behaviour if they believe that:

i. They are susceptible to the potential problem (perceived susceptibility).

ii. The problem has serious consequences (perceived severity).

iii. There are few barriers to taking the preventive action (perceived barrier)

iv. The preventive action will be effective in minimizing the risk (perceived benefits).

v. They are capable of performing and maintaining the behaviour as is needed to obtain the desire effect (perceived self-efficacy).

Additionally, individuals are more likely to engage in preventive behaviour if they receive cues to action, which are environmental cues that stimulate individuals to take action. The health belief model also takes into account modifying factor that include demographic and socio-psychological variables. Applying the health belief model to the campaign against FGM, parents should be motivated to stand their ground if they believe that:

i. They or those who practice FGM are likely to have significant negative consequences.

ii. Avoiding the practice would not be difficult or problematic. Finally, the target public would also need cues to action, such as the mass media campaign, advice from others and illness of a family member or friend.

2.8.4 THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

With regards to this theory of Reasoned Action (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980:36) state that

Individuals decide to engage in behaviour based on the outcome that they expect to occur because of that behaviour.

The theory states that behaviour is predicted by the individual’s attitude and subjective norm. attitude is a person positive or negative feeling toward the behaviour, i.e. is the behaviour desirable or not? Two variable feed into this attitude:

i. Behavioural Beliefs, which are the perceived consequences of the behaviour

ii. Outcome Evaluation, which is the personal evaluation of the consequence as positive or negative.

Subjective norm is a person perceived social pressure to think or behave in a certain way, that is, what others think the individuals should do. Subjective norms affect an individual even when no one witnesses the behaviour. Two variables make up subjective Norm:

i. Normative belief: This is a person perception of what significant often think, believe or do.

ii. The motivation to comply with these referents.

The theory of Reasoned Action can be suitably applied to media campaign against FGM. For the target public to avoid female genital mutilation (FGM) they must believe that avoidance is desirable and will result in positive outcomes with few or no consequences. In addition, they must believe that significant others want them to avoid the practice and be motivated to comply with the desire of others.

2.8.4 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

According to Bandura (1977), behaviour is explained as a three way, dynamic, reciprocal process in which personal fact or environmental influences, and behaviour continually interact. A basic premise of social learning theory is that people learn not only through their own experiences, but also by observing the actions of others and the result of those actions.

Again the social learning theory is applicable in mass media campaign against female genital mutilation (FGM). Media messages fashioned on this theory will highlight the negative consequences people have suffered as a result of engaging in the harmful practice.

2.8.5 COMMUNICATION & INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORIES

Extended Parallel Processing Model

The extended parallel processing model suggests that when people perceive a serious and relevant threat they become frightened (Whitte, 1998:440). Once frightened, people are motivated to take action to reduce their fear. In extended parallel processing model, individuals take two general paths in response to the fear appeal. People can become motivated to control the danger of the threat or to control their fear about the threat.

To control the danger, individuals consciously think about the danger and how to get rid of it.

They review recommended behaviour as a means to control the danger. In contrast, when people are motivated to control their fear, they try to eliminate or reduce their fear through denial, defensive, avoidance, or psychological reactance. Finally, if people do not perceive a significant or relevant threat they will not be motivated to take action.

People engage in danger control when they believe they can easily and effectively avert the threat through recommended behaviour. In contrast, people engage in fear control processes when they do not think they are able to adopt a recommended response to avert a serious and relevant threat. Several reasons account for this problem. It is either too hard or too costly, it takes too much time, or the recommended behaviour will not effectively avert the threat. Therefore, if any of the mass media campaign messages contain fear appeal, it is critical that the messages include specific and easy behaviour that individuals can practice to achieve the desired objectives.

Elaboration likelihood model

In elaboration likelihood model (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986: 125) portray messages receivers as active participants in the persuasion process. The elaboration likelihood model describes two routes to persuasion: Central and Peripheral.

i. The central Route: The Central route to persuasion consists of thoughtful consideration of the persuasive arguments in the message, and occurs only when a receiver possesses both the motivation and ability to think about the message and topic. The central route results in an attitude that is enduring and resistant to change and predictive of behaviour.

ii. The peripheral Route: The peripheral route occurs when the receiver lacks ability and motivation to engage in much thought on the issue. Using the peripheral route, the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on cues other than the strength of the argument in the message. Such cues include:

i. Whether the source is credible or attractive

ii. The number (but not the quality) of arguments in the message

iii. The length of the message.

The peripheral route results in an attitude that is temporary, susceptible, and unpredictive of behaviour. To ensure that the target audience follows the central route to persuasion, the mass media campaign messages must motivate target audience to think about the message. In addition, the message should present numerous reasons to do away with the harmful practice of FGM.

To conclude our discourse on various theories applicable to mass media, campaign risk communication, Behaviour change and communication and processing theories e.t.c, provide insight into the types of messages that mass media campaign should develop and how target audience will respond to those messages. The mass media campaign planning in this regard should:

i. Target avoidance behaviour rather than just creating awareness or knowledge.

ii. Leverage resource through partnerships and earned media coverage.

iii. Address environmental factors related to the problem at stake.

iv. Include plans for process and outcome evaluation

v. Segment audiences and develop distinct campaign plans and elements for those segments.

2.9 COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGNS

Individuals and communities can link most premature death in developed countries to action or the lack of action. (Mcginms and Fooge 1993:193) as a result, public health practitioners have developed interventions to promote healthy attitudes, actions and suppress those, which place life and health in jeopardy.

Communication maybe a dominant player or may have a supporting role in any such intervention. Other roles may include communication strategies such as public relations, where the objective is to target health issues on the public agenda, entertainment, education where desired behaviour are modeled in an entertainment programme and media advocacy which entails using the media as an advocacy tool to achieve policy level change. All of these strategies may include a range of communication activities that occur at the individual, small group or mass media levels.

This section addresses only those communication activities that use media outlets more specifically, the implementation and effects of mass media health communication campaign.

Rogers and Storey (1987:94) maintain that health communication campaign have four defining characteristics. The campaign therefore must strive to generate specific outcome or effect in a relatively large number of individuals usually within a specific period of time through an organized set of communication activities. Health communication campaign that rely on mass media outlets frequently consist of a series of television and radio public service announcements (PASA) or paid commercial with collateral print materials such as posters, brochure booklets e.t.c.

Most health communications would agree that there is a common set of variables considered in the development of a mass media health communication campaign and a common set of outcomes that one can reasonably except as a result of a communication experience. Communication development or independent variables can be categorized into four areas:

i. Psycho social attributes of receiver.

ii. The source or spokesperson.

iii. Setting, channels, activities and materials, used to disseminate the message.

iv. The message itself, including content, tone type of appeal, audio characteristics and visual attributes.

Taken together any combination of these four independent variables constitutes what it referred to as communication strategy. According to Flora and Maibach (1990:100) the outcomers or dependent variables of a mass health communication effort maybe categorized into six broad area:

i. Yielding

ii. Attention

iii. Comprehension

iv. Attitude change

v. Behaviour.

By and large the researcher must acknowledge at the outset that these outcomes are not meant to imply that the progressions of these outcomes are linear in nature. The research however, believes that these terms will provide a common language pertinent to this discussion.

2.10 THE ISSUES ON FEMALE GENITAL MULTILATION

Right from the time of old, circumcision has been performed on both female and male children in Africa and also other continents of the world. But the circumcision of male children has some biblical backing. However, the male circumcision is the cutting off of the foreskin from the tip of penis without damaging the organ itself. The degree of cutting in female circumcision is anatomically much more extensive. While the male circumcision affirms manhood with its superior social status and association to virility. The female circumcision is explicitly intended to show a woman her confined role in social strata and to restrain her sexual desires.

The female circumcision (FC) which is now known as female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is widely regarded as the most serious form of violence against woman. It is the collective name given to several forms of traditional practices that involve the cutting of sensitive female genitals.

The age at which FGM is performed differs depending on the customs and circumstances of the families involved. Some girls are circumcised few days older, when there is no possibility of the individual consent. Some are teenager. Girls may be circumcised in groups with older girls. Some girls or women undergo FGM a few months before marriage. A traditional practitioner, often an older woman, who comes from a family in which generations of women have been traditional practitioners, usually performs FGM.

There are several myths and beliefs. Surrounding this practice in Africa as to why girls and women undergo FGM. Adelaja (2004) traces the origin of this socio-trado cultural practice to the misconception associated with the female genitalia.

i. The clitoris is the cap of prostitution which the vagina wears from heaven.

ii. If they do not clip the clitoris young, it will ask for great sacrifices from the penis when it grows up.

iii. An uncircumcised woman is not to be respected.

iv. The uncircumcised woman will give birth to still born babies, that is contact between the clitorises and the baby’s head will cause the death of the baby.

v. The clitoris causes itching and is always dirty and emits unpleasant odour.

vi. The Female genitalia is ugly and the often ding organ is the clitoris.

vii. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has become a entrenched, in cultures of many African countries and other continent of the world, World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that over 130 million girls and women have undergone some type of female genital mutilation (FGM), and this figure is added with 2 million each year (Abusharaf, 2006:3).

The following descriptions of FGM are used by WHO is define the most common types of FGM. The following are the different types:

i. Cutting of the prepuce, with or without excision of parts of the entire clitoris.

ii. Cutting of the clitoris, and prepuce together with partial or total excision of the Labia minoria (Clitoridectomy)

iii. Excision of part or all of the Labia minoria and Labia Majora, and stitching or narrowing of the vagina orifice, leaving an opening to allow for the flow of urine and menstrual blood (infibulations)

iv. Unclassified picking, piercing, stretching clitoris or Labia cauterizing the clitoris by burning, scraping or cutting the vagina, inserting substances into the vagina with the purpose of causing bleeding and there by tightening and narrowing the vagina (Abusharaf, 2006: 6).

There are several physical and psychological effects of female genital mutilation. The effects could be in extreme cases lead to death. Megafu (1983:25) states that

When the mutilation is carried out pain, shock, hemorrhage, and damage to the organs surrounding the clitoris and labia can occur. Afterwards, urine maybe retained and serious infection develops. Use of the same instrument or several girls without sterilization can cause the spread of HIV

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized that the genital mutilation of girls and women represents a serious form of FGM such as infibulations, victims are particularly likely to suffer from health complications requiring medical attention throughout their lives. Such situation puts a lot of physical and psychological complication on the victim. The known immediate complications resulting from female genital mutilation includes infection, shock, Hemorrhage, injury to adjacent vital tissues and the following are long term complications which include infertility, Keloid-formation, permanently painful genital and area or fistulae (VVF or RVF) resulting from injuries to dorsal nerve of the clitoris, de-infibulations (re-infibulations, HIV transmission, obstructed and prolonged labour (WHO 1997:10).

There is today greater understanding of the epidemiological consequences of female genital mutilation due largely to the activities of some non-governmental organizations working in countries where the practice is widespread. Infibulations is practiced in Djibouti, Egypt, some parts of Ethiopia, Mali, Somalia and Northern part of Sudan. Excision and circumcision occur in parts of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Nigeria, Northern part of Ghana, Senegal, e.t.c.

However, the incidence of these problems and of deaths as a result of mutilation cannot be reliably estimated. Supporters of this practice claim that major complications and problems are rare, while opponents of the practice claim that they are frequent. Despite the many campaigns by Government and private organizations round the world, this ugly practice still lingers on in most of the developing countries of the world.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study shall be made up of students in secondary and tertiary institution, market men and women who have lock up shops in the market and finally Etsako local government staff.

3.2 SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

Since it will be nearly important to assist or interview all the men and women in Etsako East, a sample of the population will be selected for the study. The sample group will be made up of the following.

40 men and women who have lock up shops,

40 students in secondary and tertiary institutions

40 Etsako East Local government staff.

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

Every research conducted scientifically, has special framework for controlling data gathering or collection. This framework is the research design. The purpose however, is to obtain accurate, objective and valid information.

In this study, the survey method of conducting research will be used. In this case, a well structured questionnaire will be used. In this case, a well structured questionnaire will personally be administered to the target sample population in Etsako East Local Government Area.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

With regard to this nature of the study a non-profit ability sampling method will be adopted. However, to be scientific, men and women who have lock up shops for every distance of five electric poles from Igiode junction to central garage will be selected for questionnaire interview. 10 students from five selected streets will be selected and finally 40 workers of the local government council entering or leaving the local government promises will be administered questionnaire.

3.5 DESCRIPTION FOR RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument design for this study is the questionnaire. The questions are self explanatory and spaces are provided for the respondents to indicate their response. Some of the questions for the study are structured in such a way as to give the respondents the free will to provide answers as he/she pleases.

However, other questions restrict the respondents to choose from a list of possible answers.

3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

In order to give the data collected through the questionnaire meaning, and to achieve the objectives sought in the study, simple percentage will be used to analyze responses gathered from the field.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION

In this chapter, the data gathered through the survey information or instrument will be presented and analyzed. The sample size of the study population is 95 respondents. In other words only 95 questionnaire were returned from the 120 questionnaires administered.

These returned questionnaires represent 79% of the study population because 25 questionnaires could not be returned. The table below shows raw figures and percentages of the number of questionnaires distributed and the number returned.

Categories	Number distributed	Number returned	Percentage
Civil servants	40	35	29.2%
Shop owners	40	37	31%
Students	40	23	19.2%
Total	120	95	79%

From the table above, the number of questionnaires distributed was 120, those returned represent 79.2% of administered questionnaires, while 25 representing 20.8% of the questionnaire were not returned.

4.2 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

TABLE 1 AGE

Age	Frequency	Percentage
20-30	19	20%
30-40	25	26.32%
40-50	27	28.42%
50-above	24	25.26%
Total	95	100%

From table 1 above, 19 respondents were between 20-30 years old. This represents 20% 30-40 years old were 25 respondents or 26-32%.40-50 years were 27 respondents or 28.42% 50 and above were 24 respondents or 25.26%.

TABLE 2: GENDER

Gender	Frequency	Percentage
Male	44	46.32
Female	51	53.68
Total	95	100%

From the analysis in table 2 above, 44 respondents or 46.32% were male. While 51 respondents or 53.68% were female

TABLE 3 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

Education	Frequency	Percentage
Primary	8	8.42
Secondary	20	21.05
Polytechnic	35	36.84
University	26	27.27
Others	6	6.32
Total	95	100%

From the table above, 8 respondents or 8.42% were primary school certificate holders. 20 respondents representing 21.05% have secondary education. The remaining balance of 67 respondent represent 70.53% of this study population have attained tertiary education.

TABLE 4: OCCUPATION

Occupation	Frequency	Percentage
Students	23	24.21%
Business	37	38.95%
Civil servants	35	36.84%
Other	-	-
Total	95	100%

From the above table, 23 respondents or 24.21% were students. 37 respondents 38.95% were business men and women. While civil servants were 35 respondents representing 36.84%

4.3 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOGRAPHIC DATA

Table 5: Do you know anything about female circumcision or female genital mutilation?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	49	51.57
No	21	22.11
Not sure	25	26.32
Total	95	100%

From the above table 49 respondents or 51.57% agrees that they know something about female genital mutilation? 21 respondents or 26.32% claim that they don’t know about it. While 25 respondents or 26. 32% are not sure about it.

Table 6: What is your Opinion about female genital mutilation?

Opinion	Frequency	Percentage
It is a good cultural practice	32	33.68
It is a bad cultural practice	12	12.63
It affect the health of female child	29	30.53
The practice should be made a punishable offence to deter others	22	23.16
Total	95	100%

From the table, 32 respondents or 36.8 are of the opinion that FGM is a good cultural practice. 12 respondents or 12.63% are of the opinion that, it is a bad cultural practice. 29 respondents or 30.53% agreed that it affects the health of female child, while 22 respondents or 23.16% are of the opinion that the practice should be made punishable to deter others.

Table 7: Have you ever heard that FGM practices are dangerous to health?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	41	43.16
No	20	21.5
Not sure	34	35.79
Total	95	100%

From the above, 41 respondents or 43.16% have heard about the danger of FGM. 20 respondents, or 21.05% have not heard about it. While 34 respondents or 35.79% are not sure and did not respond to the question.

Table 8: Is there an age limit for F.G.M practices in your area

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	52	54.74
No	22	23.16
Not sure	21	22.10
Total	95	100%

From the above table, 52 respondents or 54.74% agree that there is an agree age limit for the practice in their area. 22 respondents or 23.16% has no age limit in their area. 21 or 22.10% are not sure.

Table 9: Do you know that there is a campaign against the practice.

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	51	53.7
No	29	30.52
Not sure	15	15.78
Total	95	100%

The above table shows that 51 representing 53.7% respondents agree that they are aware of the campaign of the FGM practice. 29 or 30.52% agreed that they don’t know about the campaign, and 15 representing 15.78% respondents are not sure.

Table 10: Which of the following media have you heard, seen or read about the campaign against the practices (FGM)

Medium	Frequency	Percentage
Newspaper	16	16.84
Radio	32	32.63
Television	41	43.16
Internet	2	2.11
Magazine	5	5.26
Leaflet	-	-
Billboards	-	-
Total	95	100%

From the above table, it shows that 16 respondents have read about it. 31 respondents or 32.63% have heard about it, 41 respondents or 43.16% have seen the campaign from the Internet. While, 5 respondents 5.26% read from magazine. Leaflet and billboards are not significant.

Table 11: From which of these media below do you understand the problems of FGM most?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Newspaper	24	25.26
Radio	29	30.53
Television	42	44.21
Internet	-	-
Total	95	100%

In the table, 24 respondents or 25.26% out of the total number submitted that newspaper is most under standable medium to them. 29 respondents or 30.35% says that radio is more understandable to them. 42 respondents or 44.22% submitted that television is the most understandable.

Table 12: Do you agree with the message you receive from these media?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	30	31.58%
No	32	33.68%
Not sure	33	34.74%
Total	95	100%

The above table shows that 30 representing 31.58% respondents agree with the message 32 or 33.68% respondents disagree with the message they receive. While 33 representing 34.74% respondents are not sure, if they agree with the message.

Table 13: Which of these media do you rely on mostly for your information?

Medium	Frequency	Percentage
Newspaper	17	17.89
Radio	21	22.11
Television	57	60
Internet	-	-
Total	95	100%

The table above shows that people in Etsako East rely on Television for information. 17 respondents or 17.88% rely on newspaper to get information. 21 respondents or 22.11% rely on Radio. 57 respondents or 60% rely on television to get information on F.G.M.

Table 14: In your own opinion do you think FGM practice has reduced in this town (Etsako)

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	21	22.11%
No	57	60%
Not sure	17	17.89
Total	95	100%

It can be argued from behaviour of the respondents that there is no reduction in the town. Whereby 21 respondents or 22.11% agree that there is no reduction. 57 respondents or 60% disagree to the position. 17 respondents or 17.89% were not sure of the reduction.

Table 15: Do you think that circumcision has a dangerous effect on the victims?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	22	23.16
No	53	55.79
Not sure	20	21.05
Total	95	100%

From the above table, 22 respondents or 23.16% agree that the practice is dangerous. 53 respondents or 55.79% disagree to the position. 20 or 31.05% do not know if it has a dangerous effect.

Table 16: When was the last time you saw somebody that was circumcised.

Option	Frequency	Percentage
1-6mnth ago	47	49.47
6-1yr ago	14	14.74
1-3yr ago	21	22.11
Over 3yrs ago	13	13.68%
Total	95	100%

From the table 47 respondents or 49.47% claimed that the last time they saw a circumcised girl was 1-6 months ago. 14 or 14.74% respondents claimed it was 6-1yr ago 21 or 22.11% respondents were 1-3yr ago, while 13 or 13.68% respondents was over 3yrs ago.

Table 17: From the messages you have been hearing, reading or watching from the various media, will you subscribe to the circumcision of your female child?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	39	41.05%
No	38	40.00
Not sure	18	18.95
Total	95	100%

The table above shows that 39 or 41.05 respondents agree that they will subscribe to the circumcision of their female child. 38 or 40.00% respondents will not 18 or 18.95% did not respond.

Table 18: Do these messages really convey the harmful and dangerous effects of female circumcision?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	64	67.37
No	20	21.05
Not sure	11	11.58
Total	95	100%

From the above, there is that overwhelming consensus that the messages really convey the harmful and damaging effect of F.G.M. This is represented by 64 or 67.37% respondents that the message really bring out the damaging aspects of F.G.M 20 or 21.05% respondents disagree on this position. From the table two, 11 or 11.58% respondents could be interested to be different over the issue under study. Therefore one can positively generalize that the public are being informed of the danger.

Table 19: Do you desire to help in carrying on with the campaign against F.G.M in a positive manner?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	32	33.68
No	48	50.53
Not sure	15	15.79
Total	95	100%

In the above table, 32 respondents or 33.68% agreed to assist in the campaign positively. 48 respondents or 50.33% did not agree. 15 respondents or 15.79% refuse to comment as to assist in the campaign. This could indicate that some persons in the society still will not want to maintain the status quo

Question FGM.

Table 20: In your opinion, should F.G.M be abolished and offenders punished by the law?

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Yes	21	22.11
No	32	33.68
Not sure	42	44.21
Total	95	100%

From the table above, 21 or 22.11% respondents are of the opinion that F.G.M should be abolished and offenders to be punished, 32 or 33.68% did not agree to this position. While 42 or 44.21% respondents are not sure, also did not respond to the question.

4.4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The data gathered from the questionnaires of this study in Etsako of Edo State is quite revealing. Response from the respondents about the campaign against F.G.M is quite overwhelming. 51 respondents representing 51.7% agreed to have been aware of campaigns against the practice 29 and 15.78% respondent representing 30.52% and 15.78% respectively are not sure of their knowledge in this regard. However, it is tenable to conclude that majority of the public are aware about the campaign against the practice of female genital mutilation.

Of these 95 respondents, 49 respondents representing 51.77% have full knowledge of the practice and its effect on the female child. 21 respondents or 22.11% have no knowledge of the practice at all 26.32% respondents are not sure and didn’t respond.

In respect of the question on sources of creating FGM awareness. A research finding shows that three media (Television 43.16%, Radio 32,63%, newspaper 16.83%) are effective in bringing about some level of desired awareness.

Of all the mass media available in the area 44.21% respondents agree that Television is the most effective medium of creating awareness. From the above analysis one can infer that television is the most effective medium of disseminating campaign against FGM in Etsako East L.G.A.

Research findings reveal that the prevalent rates of the practice have not reduced. 60% respondent agree with this view point.

4.5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The research summarizes that among the various mass media of communication used in the campaign against the practice of female Genital Mutilation (FGM), television is the most effective. This is as a result of the aesthetic characteristics of the electronic medium. Its audio-visual compliments present the message(s) in both sound and picture form. Viewers are, therefore in a better situation to understand the medium’s presentations.

Some of the media are not effective in this area despite the resources committed to them and the perceived mileage of the mass media.

However, due to prevailing trado-cultural practices 33.68% respondents still think and believe that the practice is good. This accounts for the 23.16% respondents who opposed to any formal punishment against those who indulge in the practice. Another 22.16% are not sure that any form of punishment is desirable.

Majority are of the opinion that the practice should not be abolished. One would expect that because of education and Christianity, a lot of people in Agenebode should condemn the FGM practice but the reverse seem to be the case.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 SUMMARY OBSERVATION

Mass media campaign remains an important strategy for health promotion, social orientation disease prevention and control. This fact cannot be overemphasized. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mass media campaign against female genital mutilation. The aim is targeted at generating awareness, knowledge and propels the level of change required against the practice. Furthermore, the study also attempted to ascertain the level of effectiveness of mass media campaign in Etasko East Local Government Area. Research findings of the study reveal the following:

i. There is a reasonable knowledge of the practice (FGM) but only few people in Agenebode are aware of the harmful effect on the female child.

ii. Television, Radio and Newspapers are the most effective mass media in the campaign against F.G.M

iii. The practice rate of the phenomenon has not significantly reduced in the area understudy. Many still have the belief that the practice is culturally good.

iv. The traditional beliefs and cultural practice of the people in Etsako East are still posing a big obstacle to the full realization of eliminating the harmful practice.

v. The increasing level of education and the rapid spread of Christianity among the people in Agenebode town have however contributed to a gradual reduction in the rate of the practice.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Based on research findings of the study, the following recommendations are proffered.

i. The most effective tool in creating community awareness of the harmful aspect of FGM still remains sensitization through propaganda, media and outdoor drama performed as well as seminars and Workshops. Expanding these activities to the grass roots within the various villages will increase the level of awareness of the harmful aspects of the practice and lead to its further decline.

ii. The electronic media should carry the message more frequency before each broadcast schedule.

iii. The message content of the campaign against form should be written and produced in local languages, Pidgin English in addition to the English Language version

iv. Using the traditional cultural means of information dissemination as opposed to the common judgemental and incriminating “stop the practice” approach of the media campaign, will yield better results.

v. Therefore, direct approaches like community drama and workshops will help carry the message of campaigns against the practice more geographically.

vi. To avoid disharmony among community members, any approach used to campaign against the practice of FGM should be comprehensive and integrated involving all members of the community.

vii. Parents should be encouraged to educate the girl child legislations should make it compulsory.

viii. Sex education should be incorporated into the school curriculum at the primary and secondary levels. In this way many harmful and unhealthy practices will be gradually eliminated.

5.3 CONCLUSION

The essence of the study is to establish direct link between mass media campaign intervention and subsequent public awareness, knowledge, attitude and behaviour change against FGM in Etsako East, Local Government Area.

The study has established that the mass media of television, Radio and Newspaper have a great impact in creating awareness, knowledge and consequently behaviour change against the practice of FGM in Agenebode in Etsako East Local Government Area.

Considering the people’s strong traditional belief and the negative consequences of the practice of female genital mutilation, it will be quite encouraging to enforce the campaign against the practice with more intensity. The research believes that if its recommendation are implemented, the negative practice will eventually die out with time.

WORK CITED

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Ambroses Alli University,

Department of Theatre and Media

Arts Ekpoma.

15^th November, 2011.

Dear Respondents,

My name is Ifietekhai Francisca Adene a final year student of the above named department.I am conducting a research study entitled. AN ASSESSMENT OF MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN AGAINST FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION in Agenebode Etsako East Local Government Area of Edo State.This questionnaire is designed to elicit your opinions on this topic.your opinions will be very useful to this study and your information will be treated with utmost confidence.this study is purely an academic exercise.thanks for your anticipated kind response

SECTION A

INSTRUCTION: PLEASE TICK AGAINST YOUR CHOICE OF OPTION IN THE BOX PROVIDED.

DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1. How old are you? (a) 20-30 (b) 40-50 (c) 30-40 (d) 50 above.

2. What is your gender? (a) Male (b) Female

3. What is your highest level of education (a) Primary (b) Secondary (c) Polytechnic (d) University

4. What do you do for a living? (a) Student (b) Business (c) Civil Servant (d) Others

SECTION B

5. Do you know anything about female circumcision or female Gender Mutilation (FGM)? Yes ( ) No ( )

6. What is your opinion about female Genital mutilation? (a) It is a good cultural practice (b) it is a bad cultural day (c) it affects the health of the female child (d) the practice should be made a punishable offence to deter others.

7. Have you ever heard that FGM practices are dangerous to health? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

8. Is there any limit for F.G.M practice in your area? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not idea.

9. Do you know that there is a campaign against this practice? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not idea.

10. In which of the following media have you heard or seen the campaign against the practice? (a) Newspaper, (b) Radio, (c) Television (d) Internet (e) Magazine (d) leaflets (e) Billboards.

11. From which of these media below do you understand the problems of FGM most? (a) Newspaper (b) Radio (c) Television (d) Internet (e) Magazines (d) Leaflets (c) Bill boards.

12. Do you agree with the message you receive from these media? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

13. Which of these media do you rely on mostly for your information? (a) Newspaper (b) Radio (c) Television (d) Internet (e) Magazine (f) Leaflets (g) Bill boards.

14. From your opinion do you think FGM practice has reduced in this town? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

15. Do you thin that circumcision has a dangerous effect on the victim? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

16. When was the last time you saw somebody that was circumcised (a) 1-6mnth ago (b) 6mnth-1yr ago (c) 1yr-3yr ago (d) Over 3yr ago.

17. From the messages you have been hearing, reading and watching from the various media, will you subscribe to the circumcision of your female child? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure

18. Do these message really convey the harmful and damaging effects on female circumcision? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

19. Do you desire to help in carrying on with the campaign against female circumcision in a positive manner? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

20. In your opinion, should FGB be abolished and offenders punished by the law? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure.

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